Rethinking True Happiness: A Comparative Study of Chuang Tzu and Ibn Miskawayh’s Philosophical Thought

Abstract

This research aims to examine and compare the concept of true happiness
in the philosophy of Taoism by Chuang Tzu and the ethical thought of Ibn
Miskawaih. This study is motivated by the differences in views between
Eastern and Islamic traditions in the definition of happiness, each of which
offers a distinctive approach to man's relationship with nature and with
God. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive-comparative
approach through a literature study of the main works of the two figures,
such as Chuang Tzu and Tahdzīb al-Akhlāq. The results of the study show
that Chuang Tzu viewed true happiness as an inner state born of harmony
with nature and acceptance of the Taoist path, without attachment to
worldly ambitions. Meanwhile, Ibn Miskawaih emphasized that true
happiness is obtained through purification of the soul, mastery of reason,
and the embodiment of moral virtue as the path to human perfection. The
similarities between the two lie in the emphasis on mental equanimity and
liberation from material impulses, while the difference lies in the basis of
metaphysics and theological orientation. This research is expected to enrich
the treasures of the philosophy of happiness across traditions and
contribute to the understanding of modern human spiritual ethics.