Human Nature and the Orientation of Happiness: A Philosophical Comparison of Ibn Miskawayh and Jeremy Bentham

Abstract

This research aims to show the comparison of human concepts according to 
Ibn Miskawayh and Jeremy Bentham in ethics. The research method used is 
qualitative research with a literature study approach. The main sources of 
information are  Tahdhīb al-Akhlāq by Ibn Miskawayh and An Introduction to the 
Principles of Morals and Legislation by Jeremy Bentham. Information collection is 
carried out through documentation and a search of academic literature, while data 
analysis techniques use descriptive-comparative analysis. The results of the study 
show that differences in conceptions of human nature are the main foundation in 
the formulation of ethical systems. Ibn Miskawayh is a classical Islamic ethical 
figure, and Jeremy Bentham is the initiator of modern Western utilitarianism. Ibn 
Miskawayh views man as a rational and spiritual being with the aim of achieving 
moral perfection and true happiness, while Bentham views man as a pleasure
seeking creature who acts on the principle of utility. These conceptual differences 
have direct implications for the orientation and ethical character of each thinker, 
but both place rationality as an essential element in human moral action.